Super Mice
Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute put out a release today about the protein PPARβ/δ and its role in athletic performance. Here is the release.....
ORLANDO, Fla. -- Muscle performance and fitness are partly determined by how well your muscle cells use sugar as a fuel source. In turn, exercising improves the muscle's ability to take up sugars from the bloodstream and burn them for energy. On the flip side, conditions that reduce physical activity -- such as obesity or chronic disease -- reduce the muscle's capacity to burn sugar. A new study by researchers at Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute (Sanford-Burnham) unravels a mechanism that re-programs metabolic genes in muscles in a way that increases their capacity to use sugar. When activated in mice, this metabolic re-programming dramatically improves exercise performance. These findings, published Dec. 1 in Genes & Development, reveal new targets that could be explored to increase the ability of muscles to burn sugars -- an avenue that could ultimately lead to new prevention or treatment methods for obesity, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes.
"Essentially, these transgenic mice are capable of storing and burning sugars at rates usually only seen in the trained athlete. This allows for supranormal athletic performance," said Daniel P. Kelly, M.D., scientific director at Sanford-Burnham's Lake Nona campus in Orlando, Fla. and senior author of the study.
Dr. Kelly's mice are special because they're engineered to produce the protein PPARβ/δ in their muscle tissue. PPARβ/δ is a nuclear receptor, a type of protein that binds DNA to turn genes on or off in response to outside signals -- in this case, genes specific to muscle metabolism. Previous studies have shown that mice with high PPARβ/δ levels in their muscles have increased exercise capacity. In this study, the researchers discovered why that is -- the muscles of PPARβ/δ mice are better than normal mice at taking up sugar from the bloodstream, storing it, and burning it for energy.
Dr. Kelly and his team also found that PPARβ/δ mice are super fit. Compared to normal mice, they ran longer and faster yet generated lower amounts of lactic acid, considered the chief mediator of exercise-induced muscle pain.
How does PPARβ/δ pull it off? It turns out that exercise stimulates cells to assemble a complex of three proteins:
1) PPARβ/δ;
2) a protein that maintains cellular energy balance (adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase or AMPK); and
3) a protein that helps activate muscle-specific genes (MEF2A). Together, these proteins switch on the gene that produces lactate dehydrogenase, an enzyme that directs sugar-derived metabolites into mitochondria, where complete burning of the fuel is possible -- effectively converting sugar to energy. It's likely that this novel mechanism helps activate other genes involved in muscle fitness as well.
"Given the association of obesity and insulin resistance with diets enriched in simple sugars, we find these results promising as a step towards new therapeutics," Dr. Kelly said. "Previously, members of the PPAR protein family have proven to be difficult drug targets due to the wide variety of effects they have in a cell. However, the findings in this study suggest that strategies for activating only a subset of events downstream of PPARβ/δ are possible. This could lead to favorable metabolic effects on muscle and other tissues."
Without wanting to get too technical, three types of PPARs have been identified: alpha, gamma, and delta (beta):
α (alpha) - expressed in liver, kidney, heart, muscle, adipose tissue, and others
β/δ (beta/delta) - expressed in many tissues but markedly in brain, adipose tissue, and skin
γ (gamma) - although transcribed by the same gene, this PPAR through alternative splicing is expressed in three forms:
γ1 - expressed in virtually all tissues, including heart, muscle, colon, kidney, pancreas, and spleen
γ2 - expressed mainly in adipose tissue (30 amino acids longer)
γ3 - expressed in macrophages, large intestine, white adipose tissue.
There have already been papers published on the thoroughbred that have discovered that the gene PPARGC1A, which resides on Chromosome 3 on the equine genome, has an influence on performance (the PPARGC1A gene encodes the PGC-1alpha protein). The above study on mice above looks at the same group of transcription factors that regulate gene expression (the PPAR group), but the gene that encodes for PPARβ/δ is PPARD which in the equine is found on Chromosome 20. As you can see from the above, proteins regulating muscle expression are certainly vitally important and help determine the elite from the non-elite.